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Source: adapted from Graham, B. and T. Vowles (2006) “Carriers within carriers: a strategic response to low-cost airline competition”, Transport Reviews, Vol. 26, pp. 105-126.

Source: Based on data from Air Transport World and RITA/BTS. One of the main outcomes of deregulation was the consolidation of airlines and a gain of market share. Two of the four largest airlines in the United States before deregulation, Eastern and TWA, went bankrupt. Pan Am was another carrier

Source: Airlines for America & BTS. Both domestic and international flights. Load factor is the number of passenger miles as a proportion of available seat miles. The elaboration and consolidation of hub-and-spoke systems combined with fiercer competition have been among the factors propelling load factors (the percentage of seats filled)

Source: Network from COPA Airlines web site. Paths are approximate. COPA Airlines is a medium-sized Panamanian company operating from its major hub in Panama City (Tocumen International Airport – PTY). In 2022, it carried 15.72 million passengers. Panama City is strategically located as the intermediate location of the Americas; the

Note: Also includes seasonal services. Icelandair is a small airline company that carried around 3.44 million passengers in 2022, from a pre-pandemic peak of 4.4 million in 2019. Because of the convenient intermediary location of Reykjavik along the transatlantic Great Circle route, the airline has successfully established a pure long-distance

Source: Adapted from O’Connor, K. (1995) “Airport Development in Southeast Asia”, Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 269-279. Air network development is influenced by technical changes for aircraft and commercial changes, which can be summarized in four stages: Stage 1 (Initial development; connecting effect). During the 1930s

Hubs existed before deregulation, but the removal of restrictions on market entry and exit, along with policies permitting airline mergers, freed surviving carriers to consolidate hub-and-spoke networks feeding traffic to and from strategically located hubs. Prior to deregulation policies (end of 1970s-early 1980s), many airline services were taking place on

There are three main air transport ranges serviced by different types of aircraft: Regional. Planes and crews on regional services can perform 2 to 8 flights per day, depending on the flight time. Regional aircrafts such as the Airbus A319/320/321, the Boeing 737, and the Embraer E190/195, with an operational

Traditionally, an airline needs the approval of the governments of the various countries involved before it can fly in or out of a country or even fly over another country without landing. Before World War II, this did not present too many difficulties since the range of commercial planes was

Source: Wikipedia. Unit load devices (ULD) come in several dimensions and are designed to fit the bellyhold of a jet plane, particularly wide-bodied aircraft. The number of containers that can be fitted is a function of the length of the cargo area and the sizes of the ULDs. The loading