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Source: Based on historic American Airlines and TWA timetables. Introduced in 1936, the Douglas DC-3 was the first airliner able to undertake the profitable transportation of passengers. It was the outcome of specifications laid down by American Airlines for an airliner that could offer coast-to-coast “sleeper” overnight services. When configured

Source: adapted from C. Allaz (2005) History of Air Cargo and Airmail from the 18th Century, London: Christopher Foyle Publishing. The first regularly scheduled airmail service in the world began in 1918 on the New York-Philadelphia-Washington route, for which the letter rate was $0.24 (about $3.50 in 2006 dollars) with

Inter-range services must be specifically structured in order not to infringe national cabotage laws (such as the Jones Act in the United States) preventing a foreign maritime company from carrying freight between domestic ports. For instance, for an inter-range service D-A-B-C-D, a maritime shipping company registered in country 2 has

In the above figure, a maritime shipping company is offering a service over two maritime ranges. The parameters of this service are influenced by three major factors: A decision about the frequency of service, which in this case would be 2 calls per week for each port. This frequency is

Source: UNCTAD Review of Maritime Transport, various years. The steady increase in the share of total deadweight tonnage that is foreign-flagged shows a trend in reducing ownership costs through using flags of convenience. About 70% of the global fleet is foreign-flagged, which is a radical shift from previous decades. As

Source: Office of Maritime Administration, US Department of Transportation. The share of open registry ships operated under a “flag of convenience” grew substantially after WWII. They accounted for 5% of world shipping tonnage in 1950, 25% in 1980, 55% in 1995, and 72% in 2021. The usage of a flag

Source: Own compilation from the Lake Carriers’ Association and the St. Lawrence Seaway Corporation. Maritime highway paths from US Department of Transportation, Maritime Administration. In North America, the potential of shortsea shipping is significantly curtailed by markets, policy, and geography. The prominence and efficiency of rail for long distances and

Source: Based on Eurostat data. The European short sea shipping market can be divided into five major regional markets, each with its own characteristics; the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, the Atlantic Range, the North Sea, and the Baltic. In 2014 total freight transport by short sea shipping in the EU-28

Short sea shipping is often perceived as a single type of maritime service taking place over short distances, while it involves three main types of distinct services: Regional short sea services. Concerns specific connections that are designed to service commercial relations, commonly within the same corporation (dedicated single services) with

Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants Ltd. Maritime shipping is highly sensitive (elastic) to bunker fuel costs, representing between 45 and 50% of operating costs with limited opportunities to mitigate outside slow steaming. Still, from a comparative perspective, maritime shipping has less fuel price sensitivity than trucking and rail, implying that higher