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Source: Energy Information Administration, World Oil Transit Chokepoints. The geostrategy of maritime petroleum circulation is mainly composed of major chokepoints, with two of extremely high importance; Hormuz and Malacca. Hormuz represents the most important strategic passage in the world, solely because of its access to the oil fields of the

The global economy presents a complex landscape of various levels of regional economic integration. Most countries are members of the World Trade Organization, implying that they abide by the principles of non-discrimination and reciprocity in trade relations. Additionally, several countries have established trade agreements going beyond the standard WTO principles,

Source: Flanders Marine Institute (2019). Maritime Boundaries Geodatabase: Maritime Boundaries and Exclusive Economic Zones (200NM), version 11. The late 20th century saw a period of new definitions and disputes regarding marine boundaries. Traditionally, each coastal state claimed sovereignty over a territorial sea within a relatively short distance of its coastline.

Source: Bureau of Transport Statistics, North American Trade and Travel Trends. Note: NAFTA was replaced by USMCA in 2020. The North American Free Trade Agreement (superseded by USMCA) involves three partners with a significant continental orientation of their transport systems, implying that land-based modes play a greater role than maritime

Source: IHS Global Insight, Inc., World Trade Service. Does not include intra-EU trade. Long-distance trade is supported by transportation modes in different capacities and capabilities, leading to a specialization in terms of volumes and values. In volume, maritime shipping is the main support of international trade, accounting for about 90%

Source: Rodrigue, J-P (2012) “Supply Chain Management, Logistics Changes and the Concept of Friction”, in P.V. Hall and M. Hesse (eds) Cities, Regions and Flows, London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-68219-0. International trade is based on the notion of exchange, which involves what is being traded, the partners involved as well as

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Logistics involves a broad set of activities dedicated to the transformation and distribution of goods, from raw material sourcing to final market distribution as well as the related information flows. 1. The Nature of Logistics Derived from the Greek logistikos (to calculate), the word logistics is

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue A value chain is a functionally integrated network of production, trade, and service activities covering stages from the transformation of raw materials, manufacturing to the delivery of finished goods to a market. 1. Contemporary Production Systems As the fourth industrial revolution unfolds, production and consumption are two core

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue International trade is an exchange of goods or services across national jurisdictions subject to regulatory oversight and taxation. Inbound trade is defined as imports and outbound trade is defined as exports. 1. The Flows of Globalization In a global economy, no nation is self-sufficient, which is

Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. William Anderson Cross-border transportation involves the activities, infrastructures, and flows that support the passage of passengers and freight across an international border. 1. International Transportation The growth of the amount of freight being traded and a great variety of origins and destinations underlines the