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Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue A value chain is a functionally integrated network of production, trade, and service activities covering stages from the transformation of raw materials, manufacturing to the delivery of finished goods to a market. 1. Contemporary Production Systems As the fourth industrial revolution unfolds, production and consumption are two core

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue International trade is an exchange of goods or services across national jurisdictions subject to regulatory oversight and taxation. Inbound trade is defined as imports and outbound trade is defined as exports. 1. The Flows of Globalization In a global economy, no nation is self-sufficient, which is

Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. William Anderson Cross-border transportation involves the activities, infrastructures, and flows that support the passage of passengers and freight across an international border. 1. International Transportation The growth of the amount of freight being traded and a great variety of origins and destinations underlines the

To undertake all the operational and regulatory requirements for air travel, airports have a highly organized sequence of vertical and lateral passenger flows. Each of the requirements generally generates a queue since it can process a fixed amount of passengers and since flows fluctuate during the day. More stringent security

While customers would prefer to use the closest airport as an origin or a destination, alternative airports have been increasingly used. The main reason is lower airfare or connections not available at the closest airport. There are two main types of alternative airports: Regional alternative airports. As the main airport of a

Source: adapted from aerotropolis.com. Air transportation conveys more people and goods at a high speed and over long distances, underling the crucial importance of airports. As a result, new urban forms are taking place around airports to create a cluster of activities related to passenger and cargo flows. Depending upon

Customs pre-clearance involves a traveler (and belongings) clearing customs procedures in a third country before arriving in the destination country. It is the outcome of a bilateral agreement where the locations and the conditions (facilities, security, personnel) for pre-clearance are set. Although pre-clearance can be used for many transportation modes,

Source: Research and Innovative Technology Administration (RITA), U.S. Department of Transportation (US DOT). On-time arrivals are a commonly used performance measure in air transportation since passengers plan their trips according to the arrival schedule, including connecting flights. The main sources of delays, as reported by airlines, are: Fluctuations in the

A simple way to assess the hubbing level of an airport is to consider the share of connecting passengers in relation to the total number of passengers handled. A low level is related to a small airport with no connecting flights, simply acting as an origin and a destination. On