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A common strategy for economic growth that has been followed by several Pacific Asian economies is the export-oriented model. It can be divided into three phases: Japan and South Korea represent good examples of export-oriented economies that went through all these stages. More recently (post-COVID-19), China reached Phase III, which

Source: adapted from World Bank (2008) Special Economic Zones: Performance, Lessons Learned, and Implications for Zone Development, Washington, DC: The World Bank. There are four major types of free zones: Free ports are considered to be the broader term of a free zone as they include a rather large area

Prior to economic integration processes, the development of national transportation networks supporting national flows was the priority. Transborder linkages and flows tended to be underdeveloped, particularly because of trade policies and national infrastructure investment strategies. Economic integration and trade facilitation obviously promote transborder flows, which may be accompanied by the

Economic integration can be classified into five additive levels, each present in the global landscape: Free trade. Tariffs (a tax imposed on imported goods) between member countries are significantly reduced, and some are abolished altogether. Each member country keeps its tariffs regarding third countries, including its economic policy. The general

Source: “Trading across borders”, Doing Business database. In days. Transactional delays are still significant in international trade, but there is a variation in their efficiency. They can be measured in terms of the average number of days it takes from a contractual agreement between the exporter and the importer until

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2016. The most common form of customs fraud concerns the undervaluation of goods on the customs import declaration since it enables lessening the duties to be paid to the customs authority. Another is an inaccurate marking of the country of origin to avoid a higher duty

Source: Adapted from Spulber, D.F. (2007) Global Competitive Strategy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. There are four major cost components in international trade, known as the “Four Ts”: Each of the costs has an exogenous (between countries) and endogenous dimension (within countries):

Source: WTO and World Bank. Current USD. Global trade has grown in absolute and relative terms, especially after 1990, when global exports surged in the wake of rapid industrialization in developing economies and the massive offshoring of manufacturing, particularly in China. The value of global exports first exceeded $US 1

Significant changes in international trade took place in recent decades as economic activities became increasingly globalized. Although it is difficult to separate the specific phases of globalization clearly, three can be suggested: Immobile factors of production. For reasons mainly linked with regulations (customs restrictions, restrictions on foreign investment and ownership)

There are four main themes that are subject to contention in international trade: Factor substitution. Trade theory underlines that specialization is the outcome of substituting the factors of production brought by comparative advantages. This specialization promotes national productivity in selected economic sectors. However, when an economic system is relatively simple,