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Note: Measured by port TEU activity along oceanic ranges. Since the 1980s, a significant rebalancing of the intensity of trade by ocean took place. As international trade taking place over the Pacific Ocean increased, the Atlantic Ocean experienced a relative decline of its share. While the Atlantic accounted for 46%

Source: WTO. While the contribution of leading traders to global exports can fluctuate in time, the share of the leading exporters (United States, Japan, Germany, and China) remains relatively stable, around 32% of global exports. The relative decline of American exports has been an enduring trend, losing its status as

Source: WTO. (CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States) Europe accounts for the largest share of international trade in the world, about 38.6% of the value of global exports as of 2021. The importance of this relation is related to the high level of economic development of European nations, political integration (the

Source: adapted from WTO, World Trade Report. Share of merchandise exports. Note: Prior to 1955, fuels and mining products were classified as natural resources. Before the Second World War, international trade was dominated by agricultural goods and natural resources (mining products and fuels). Manufactured goods accounted for about 40% of

Source: Seaborne trade data adapted from UNCTAD, Review of Maritime Transport. Prior to the 1970s, global trade flows were dominated by three major poles, North America, Western Europe and Pacific Asia (also known as the triad). A trade dichotomy was observed between developed and developing economies as raw materials were

Source: WTO, Table A-1. Recession data from National Bureau of Economic Research. The growth rates of the world GDP and merchandise production have a very high level of concordance (R=0.91). However, total merchandise trade is subject to significant fluctuations linked with commodity prices, business cycles, and periods of growth and

Source: St. Louis Federal Reserve Branch. The exchange rate between the Yuan and the US dollar remains one of the most controversial monetary and trade issues in the global economy. China has actively used monetary policy as a tool to promote its export-oriented growth strategy through the debasement of its

Source: WTO and UNCTAD. China experienced a fast integration into the global economy and became one of the world’s leading manufacturing centers. This integration was facilitated through Foreign Direct Investments (FDI), bringing capital, technology, and access to foreign markets. FDI inflows boomed in the early 1990s when China purposefully debased

Source: adapted from World Bank (2009) World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography. China’s remarkable process of economic growth through globalization began in 1978 with the implementation of the “Open Door Policy”. It enabled a partial liberalization of the factors of production and permitted private and corporate capital accumulation, which