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The concept of transport infrastructure capacity is complex. The nominal capacity of most transport terminals and infrastructure is the traffic they can handle within a time frame and normal conditions in terms of reliability. It is jointly defined by static and dynamic considerations: Dynamic capacity is a straightforward strategy to

Transport supply is generally expressed by Aij; the transport supply between location i and j. Indirectly, it combines modal supply, the capacity of a mode to support traffic, and intermodal supply, the capacity to transship traffic from one mode to another. For instance, air transport supply between two cities must

Source: Germanischer Lloyd. Singapore and Rotterdam are among the world’s largest container ports and are thus prone to the use of economies of scale by maritime shipping companies. These two ports are serviced by an array of ship classes, giving a sample of rates per TEU per ship class (see

Source: Alphaliner. Economies of scale in container shipping are achieved by using larger containerships, which reduces unit transport costs because of lower operating costs (measured in dollars per TEU of capacity per day). In the late 1990s, the cutting point was around 4,000 TEU for long distances, but this threshold has been

Source: Bloomberg; BDIY:IND. Value as of the last business day of the month. The Baltic Dry Index (BDI) is an assessment of the average price to ship raw materials (such as coal, iron ore, cement, and grains) on a number of shipping routes (about 50) and by ship size. Thus,

Source: adapted from International Chamber of Commerce. International Commercial Terms, or Incoterms, are pre-defined commercial terms used to define the transport component and the share of costs and risks for international commercial transactions. They are part of the documentation accompanying cargo, which used to be in a printed form and

The main reasons why the first and last mile unit costs are usually higher than those in the intermediary stages of the transport sequence (chain) include: Composition and decomposition costs. For the first mile, loads have to be consolidated to improve their economies of scale as well as to meet

Source: FHWA for miles traveled. EIA for gasoline prices (2005 dollars). Leaded gasoline prices before 1980, unleaded gasoline afterward. There is a concordant relationship between the average annual mileage traveled per vehicle and gasoline prices. Sixty years of empirical evidence in the United States underlines that higher gasoline prices are

Source: adapted from Woxenius, J. (2006) “Temporal Elements in the Spatial Extension of Production Networks”, Growth and Change, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 526-549. Transport time is also important in evaluating transport costs, particularly since logistics involves cost and time management. The major time-related elements are: