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Source: Data from CheapAir.com. Airlines are practicing a yield management strategy where the airfare will vary as the date of departure approaches. At the aggregate level, it appears that 54 days before the flight offers the lowest fares and that fares are the lowest within a 30 to 100 days window.

For a yield management strategy, two variables significantly influence the rate (fare or toll) being charged to use a given transport supply (scheduled flight, ship, road, etc.): Operating costs are the fare below, which it is preferable not to offer the capacity even if it is available. For instance, an

Within an urban area, transport supply (A) tends to be stable throughout the day, with the exception of public transit that adjusts its services (namely in terms of frequency) to cope with peak hours. Transport demand (T), on the other hand, varies considerably, mainly because of commuting patterns that are characterized

Source: Adapted from Victoria Transport Policy Institute (2002) Transportation Elasticities. The concept of elasticity is very useful for understanding the economic behavior of transport supply and demand. Depending on the transport activity, mobility is linked with different elasticities. Emergencies tend to have low, if any, elasticity. Commuting also has a

Many transport systems behave in accordance with the relationships between supply and demand, which are influenced by cost variations. In line with microeconomic theory, the Law of Demand states that the demand for transport services decreases when the price of this service increases. This is reflected in the transport demand

Source: adapted from Cambridge Systematics (1996) Quick Response Freight Manual, Federal Highway Administration, Office of Planning and Environment Technical Support Services for Planning Research.

Transport supply is commonly assessed in terms of the capacity of infrastructures. Although this dimension is suitable in a number of circumstances, particularly when a single mode is considered, the concept of transport supply must consider circumstances where several modes share the same infrastructure or where intermodalism is the core

Basic supply variables for major modes can be categorized by routes, terminals, and vehicles:

The realized transport demand, expressed in passenger or ton-km, is the multiplication of transported volume and the distance it is carried over. It can increase for two reasons: These two factors often occur concomitantly, creating multiplying effects on transport demand.