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Source: adapted from Barter, P.A. (2004) A Broad Perspective on Policy Integration for Low Emissions Urban Transport in Developing Asian Cities. Draft paper for the International workshop Policy Integration towards Sustainable Energy Use for Asian Cities: Integrating Local Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Concerns. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies,

Source: adapted from R. Tolley and B. Turton (1995), p. 63. Different urban transport modes have different operational speeds and capacities. The car is obviously the least efficient urban transport mode in terms of capacity (between 1,000 and 3,000 persons per hour), but the fastest, most convenient, and flexible. Urban

Source: Adapted from Toronto Board of Trade (2014) Toronto as a Global City: Scorecard on Prosperity – 2014. Toronto: Toronto Board of Trade. Communing is an important component of urban mobility since it accounts for a large share of urban movements and substantially impacts the commuters’ welfare. The time spent

Source: Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport. The strong association between density (number of people per hectare) and car use (share of car use for commuting) indicates that modal preference, urban form, and density are closely related. For Houston and Los Angeles, dispersed developments and low densities leave limited choices

Source: adapted from Muller, P.O. (1995) “Transportation and Urban Form: Stages in the Spatial Evolution of the American Metropolis”, in S. Hanson (ed.) The Geography of Urban Transportation, 2nd Edition, New York: Guilford, p. 29. North American and European cities have been impacted by similar technological changes introduced since the

The urban spatial structure considers the location of different activities in central areas and the periphery. A central area is a cluster of core and/or central activities, and the most central area of a city is usually labeled as the central business district (CBD). Core activities are those of the

The conceptual relationship between distance and urban density varies between European and North American cities. While density in North American cities has generally decreased through sub-urbanization and the creation of peripheral centers, in Europe, there was an extension away from the urban center. Furthermore, density in central areas of North

Source: adapted from A. Bertaud (2003) “Metropolitan Structures Around the World”. Notable differences in population density gradients from the city center can be observed among a sample of world cities. For Asian and European cities, there is a steep gradient related to compact and relatively well-defined urban areas, while in

Source: Demographia World Urban Areas: 9th Annual Edition (2013.03). Urban density is reflective of the mode of habitation elected by the population, with high-density cities characterized by apartment buildings (or crowded slums), while lower-density cities have low-rise habitation units and even single-family homes in the suburbs. It is also reflective