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Source: Adapted from Passenger Transport Mode Shares in World Cities, Journeys, December 2014. Modal split across cities can vary substantially according to the level of development, urban density, and land use patterns. Dense cities (such as Asian and European cities) are generally more transit-oriented. In contrast, less dense cities (namely

Source: US Census Bureau. American Community Survey Reports, Commuting in the United States: 2009. & Commodity Flow Survey data. For shipments less than 50 miles on all modes. In urban areas, trucks and cars share the roads, implying that when there is congestion, the road capacity used by one mode

Source: adapted from Barber, G. (1995) “Aggregate Characteristics of Urban Travel”, in S. Hanson (ed) The Geography of Urban Transportation, 2nd Edition, New York: The Guilford Press, p. 92. The above figure is a typical representation of urban travel by purpose and by the time of the day typical city

Urban trips have a wide variety of purposes. The above figure illustrates a typical set of daily trips associated with one employed individual with a child; an activity space (daily spatial behavior). Although the individual is directly involved in passenger movements (in this case as the driver), freight trips are

Source: US DOT, 2017 National Household Travel Survey. Each trip is undertaken to satisfy the purpose and the nature of this purpose is illustrative of a very specific mobility context in terms of the time of the day and even to mode used. The above graph provides a breakdown of

Variations in the urban transport demand by purpose are observed according to income levels. The higher the income, the more trip generated, but each type of trip has a different elasticity. Work-related trips tend to have little elasticity since they are the most fundamental forms of mobility, irrespective of income.

Source: adapted from American Public Transportation Association, Public Transportation Fact Book. The impacts of individual mobility and motorization on urban transportation have been significant. The outcome was a substantial decline in the share of public transit in urban mobility to less than 2% of the passenger miles in the early

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2007. The streetcar, although sometimes seen as an artifact of transit, is still a prominent form of public transportation in many cities around the world, such as in Lisbon, Portugal. This particular system began to be constructed in 1873 and has been operating with similar technology

The introduction of urban transit systems in the mid-19th century permitted the first forms of separation between the places of work and residence. By the middle of the nineteenth century, higher-income households relocated to relatively rural locations and commuted by rail into the city center. The “commutation” of fares to