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Source: Urban population data from United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database. Kenworthy J, and F. Laube (2001) The Millennium Cities Database for Sustainable Transport, International Union of Public Transport (UITP), Brussels and Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy (ISTP), Perth. The above map provides a typology

Density, measured in people per square km, has substantially declined in major metropolitan areas. The period between 1960 and 2020 was characterized by a process of suburbanization and in many cases the expansion of the metropolitan statistical area. While densification can be observed in many urban areas, at the aggregate

Source: adapted from Newman, P. and J. Kenworthy (1999) Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence, New York: Island Press. There is an intricate relationship between urban density and energy (fuel) consumption related to transportation. Regional divergences are observed, which are linked with demographic, economic, and societal characteristics. North American cities

The above figure presents two urban spatial structures in terms of form, pattern, and interaction. In the first case, the city is more transit-oriented while in the second, the car dominates. Spatial form. The spatial aspect of a city in terms of its extent. The first case is more centralized

Source: adapted from Google Earth. A modern distribution center consumes a large amount of land, such as the UPS Chicago Area Consolidation Hub (CACH). The 240 acres (97 hectares) site is in co-location with a major intermodal rail terminal owned by BNSF. The distribution center occupies 37 acres (14.9 hectares),

The footprint of transportation jointly concerns passengers (mobility of people) and freight (mobility of cargo): Terminals. Transport terminals consume space for the setting of their respective infrastructures. Their footprint can be extensive, particularly in large gateways where global material flows converge. Networks. Transport routes consisting of networks consume space directly

Each node on a graph has an order with is the number of its links. Graph A is a simple graph with no nodes having an order higher than 2. Graph C is a perfect hub and spoke graph where the hub has an order which is equal to the

Transitivity is the overall probability for the network to have adjacent nodes interconnected, thus revealing the existence of tightly connected communities (or clusters, subgroups, cliques). It is calculated by the ratio between the observed number of closed triplets and the maximum possible number of closed triplets in the graph. Complex

The exponent of the slope for the power-law line drawn in a bi-log plot of node frequency over degree distribution. Networks characterized by strong hierarchical configurations, such as scale-free networks (few large degree nodes and many small degree nodes), often have values over 1 or 2. A value lower than