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The concentration of the level of activity can be visually represented by the Lorenz curve and its deviation from the perfect equality line, which assumes a uniform distribution. This example considers 10 carriers and their market share. If each carrier had the same market share, the plot of their cumulative

Sources: Airport Council International & Containerization International The world’s 50 largest container ports and airport terminals have a concentration level in their distribution, with container ports having the highest level, as depicted on its Lorenz curve. The 10 largest terminals account for about 49.7% of the traffic handled by the world’s

In a simple system of 5 ports along a coast, the traffic for each port is the same for case A, so there is no concentration and, thus, no inequality. The Lorenz curve of this distribution is the same as the perfect equality line; they overlap. In case B, there

The Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the proportionality of a distribution; the cumulative percentage of the values. To construct a Lorenz curve, all the observations of a distribution must be ordered from the most important to the least important. Then, each observation is plotted according to their cumulative

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Gini coefficient measures the degree of concentration (inequality) of a variable in a distribution of its elements. 1. The Lorenz Curve The Gini coefficient compares the Lorenz curve of a ranked empirical distribution with the line of perfect equality. This line assumes that each observation

Source: adapted from Wrigley, E.A. (2010), Energy and the English industrial revolution, Cambridge University Press. One of the fundamental changes the Industrial Revolution brought about concerns energy consumption patterns as a growing amount of work was performed by machines. This energy transition involves a shift to more practical and energy-intensive

Photo: Courtesy of the Port of Cleveland. The main purpose behind the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway was to allow ocean-going ships access to the Great Lakes. However, fundamental changes in the maritime shipping industry that took place from the 1960s undermined this proposition. Economies of scale rendered most

Source: The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority and Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. From its opening in 1959 up to the late 1970s, tonnage on the St. Lawrence Seaway increased steadily, particularly because of the growth of North American grain exports and the prevalence of the steel industry in the American

Source: The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority and Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. Note: Before 1999, coal tonnage was part of bulk. The traffic handled by the seaway is dominated by bulk cargo (iron ore and coal), with general cargo accounting for only 5% of the total tonnage, a share that