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The Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the proportionality of a distribution; the cumulative percentage of the values. To construct a Lorenz curve, all the observations of a distribution must be ordered from the most important to the least important. Then, each observation is plotted according to their cumulative

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Gini coefficient measures the degree of concentration (inequality) of a variable in a distribution of its elements. 1. The Lorenz Curve The Gini coefficient compares the Lorenz curve of a ranked empirical distribution with the line of perfect equality. This line assumes that each observation

Source: adapted from Wrigley, E.A. (2010), Energy and the English industrial revolution, Cambridge University Press. One of the fundamental changes the Industrial Revolution brought about concerns energy consumption patterns as a growing amount of work was performed by machines. This energy transition involves a shift to more practical and energy-intensive

Photo: Courtesy of the Port of Cleveland. The main purpose behind the construction of the St. Lawrence Seaway was to allow ocean-going ships access to the Great Lakes. However, fundamental changes in the maritime shipping industry that took place from the 1960s undermined this proposition. Economies of scale rendered most

Source: The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority and Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. From its opening in 1959 up to the late 1970s, tonnage on the St. Lawrence Seaway increased steadily, particularly because of the growth of North American grain exports and the prevalence of the steel industry in the American

Source: The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority and Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. Note: Before 1999, coal tonnage was part of bulk. The traffic handled by the seaway is dominated by bulk cargo (iron ore and coal), with general cargo accounting for only 5% of the total tonnage, a share that

Photo: Boris Gjenero. The Welland Canal is a strategic link between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. To accommodate as much traffic as possible and mitigate the delays of going through three consecutive locks, the lock system was divided in two so that ships could be accommodated in both directions. The

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2009. Lakers are ships specifically designed to go through the St. Lawrence Seaway and thus navigate the Great Lakes (thus their name). The above laker, the CSL Laurentien owned by Canada Steamship Lines, has just entered the St. Lawrence Seaway through the St. Lambert Lock with

The St. Lawrence Seaway is the infrastructural link used for navigation between the St. Lawrence River at Montreal and Lake Erie at the end of the Welland Canal. Downstream, the St. Lawrence River Channel, which is dredged to ensure a control depth of 10.5 meters (35 feet), extends to Quebec