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Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2019. Refrigerated urban deliveries have been a standard practice between distribution centers and grocery stores for decades. The growth of e-commerce has allowed for the development of the home deliveries of groceries, including refrigerated goods such as produce, meat and dairy products. This required the introduction

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2019. Gloucester Marine Terminal, Holt Logistics. Pineapples are usually shipped crownless as it allows to transport more units through denser packing. Further, crownless pineapples are less likely to carry pests as crowns are difficult to clean or fumigate. Thus, the smoother and more uniform a fruit

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2019. Gloucester Marine Terminal, Holt Logistics. The advent of containerization and reefers have transformed the manner in which fruits are transported and stored. For instance, bananas, which are the world’s most traded fruit, are harvested in subtropical markets (e.g. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia), boxed, palletized,

Source: Adapted from Vasigh, B., K. Fleming and T. Tacker (2013) Introduction to Air Transport Economics, Second Edition, Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Note: for one-way flights. Unlike transportation modes such as public transit, airfares for a single flight are not based on the same fare system as airlines practice yield management.