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Source: Wikipedia. As Amazon grew in size and complexity, it reached a point where it generated enough air cargo to justify own-account air transport. By the middle of 2019, Amazon’s rapidly growing freighter fleet included nearly 50 aircraft as the company rushed to expand next-day delivery services across the United

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2019. Refrigerated urban deliveries have been a standard practice between distribution centers and grocery stores for decades. The growth of e-commerce has allowed for the development of the home deliveries of groceries, including refrigerated goods such as produce, meat and dairy products. This required the introduction

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2019. Gloucester Marine Terminal, Holt Logistics. Pineapples are usually shipped crownless as it allows to transport more units through denser packing. Further, crownless pineapples are less likely to carry pests as crowns are difficult to clean or fumigate. Thus, the smoother and more uniform a fruit

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2019. Gloucester Marine Terminal, Holt Logistics. The advent of containerization and reefers have transformed the manner in which fruits are transported and stored. For instance, bananas, which are the world’s most traded fruit, are harvested in subtropical markets (e.g. Costa Rica, Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia), boxed, palletized,