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The purpose of oil pipelines is to move petroleum products from regions where they are extracted to main refineries or ports. In many cases, oil can be carried over substantial distances, such as in North America and in Siberia. The main advantage of an oil pipeline is its ability to

Source: International Energy Association. IEA and IPCC (2014) Summary for Policymakers. Several activity sectors contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases, with energy generation being the most significant. Each source of carbon emission is the outcome of specific processes and technologies that cannot be collectively addressed. For instance, carbon emissions

Externalities have to be considered within policies aiming at alleviating them. Externalities tend to be at their highest level – C(E) – when no regulations are applied with the assumption (not necessarily proven) that producers and users will try to externalize costs as much as possible under such circumstances. Environmental regulations involve

Note: Numbers represent estimated Exajoules. Source: adapted from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014) Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. The above chart depicts the respective share of energy consumption by type of fuel, transportation mode, type of transport (passenger or freight), and the level of energy efficiency. It

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Transportation activities are significant energy consumers, providing mobility to passengers and freight, which accounts for about 25% of world energy use. 1. Energy Human activities depend on using several forms and sources of energy to perform work. The more available and affordable energy sources are, the more