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The global oceanic system has five major sea current gyres that act as large conveyor belts. These gyres are also correlated with dominant wind flows where they rotate clockwise north of the equator and counterclockwise south of the equator. During the era of sailship navigation, these gyres had a strong

A barrier is a feature that can impede mobility and comes in three forms:

Note: Ice extent is the average from the 1981-2010 period. Since then, the average ice extent has receded. Global climate change is offering new opportunities for international transportation networks, notably with a trend of receding ice around the North Pole. If this trend continues, parts of the Arctic could be

Transportation is not a science but a field of inquiry and application. As such, it tends to rely on specific methodologies since transportation is a performance-driven activity, and this performance can be measured and compared. Transportation planning and analysis are interdisciplinary by nature, involving civil engineers, economists, urban planners, and

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The physical environment imposes major constraints on transportation systems, in terms of what mode can be used, the extent of the service, its costs, capacity, and reliability. 1. Physical Constraints Since transportation involves a set of technologies designed to overcome the constraints of space, particularly distance,

There are four major types of challenges that affect transport systems: Capacity. A basic constraint concerns appropriate capacity, both along a transport route and at a terminal. The capacity of a transport system is often restricted by its circulation bottlenecks and expensive to improve. Transfer. Transfer points are crucial as

Source: adapted from OECD (2009) “Applications of Complexity Science for Public Policy: New Tools for Finding Unanticipated Consequences and Unrealized Opportunities”, Global Science Forum.Transportation, as a complex system, shares many of its characteristics, including: Adaptability. A standard characteristic best reflected by the concept of competition where transport firms adapt to their

Source: adapted from B. Hoyle and J. Smith (1998) “Transport and Development: Conceptual Frameworks”, in B. Hoyle and R. Knowles, Modern Transport Geography, 2nd Edition, London: Wiley, p. 17. Since transport geography is a multidisciplinary field, it can be approached from several dimensions of inquiry: Economics. This dimension is concerned

A transport system can be conceptualized as the set of relationships between nodes, networks, and demand. These relationships involve locations spatially expressing this demand, flows between them, and infrastructures designed to handle and link these flows. All the components of a transport system are designed to facilitate the movements of