Source: UNEP (2018): The UNEP Environmental Data Explorer, compiled from World Population Prospects, the 2012 Revision (WPP2012), United Nations Population Division. United Nations Environment Programme. Net migration is the difference between immigration and emigration. A positive number implies that more people are immigrating than emigrating. The factors behind these migrations
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Core / Periphery Division of the World
The world can be perceived as a spectrum from core to periphery countries where high development levels, manufacturing systems, a capacity for innovation, and convergence of trade flows characterize core countries. The emergence of core countries is the outcome of a historical process of economic development that began in England
Scales of Spatial Organization for Transportation
There is a hierarchy in the spatial organization of transportation at the local, regional, and global levels, mainly through its nodes, links, and relations. While gateways, supported by port, airport, and telecommunication activities, are the major nodes impacting spatial organization at the global level at the local level, the main
Value Chain Drivers of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Value chains are a fundamental aspect of the unfolding fourth industrial revolution. Each functional component provides a specific level of added value and is supported by a level of physical infrastructure. They are each shaped by a series of drivers: Research and development. Even if innovation has been a key driver
The Four Industrial Revolutions
The current global manufacturing landscape results from successive innovation and economic development waves, including their geographical accumulation. Although the industrial revolution is often considered a single ongoing event that began in the late 18th century, it can be better understood as four sequential paradigm shifts or four industrial revolutions. Each
Growth of the US Transport System, 19th – 21st Century
Source: adapted from J.H. Ausubel, C. Marchetti, and P. Meyer (1998) “Toward green mobility: the evolution of transport”, European Review, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 137-156. As the case of the United States exemplifies, the growth of modal transport systems went through phases of growth, maturity, and decline. Growth usually
Cumulative Waves of Transport Development
Transportation is often referred to as an enabling technology since its modes, terminals, and infrastructure support and expand economic and social interactions. Transport development tends to be a cumulative process as each new transport technology adds to the capacity and mobility potential of the previous technologies. Larger quantities of freight
Phases of Development of the Global Economy
Globalization is mostly a cumulative process based on changes in the modes of accumulation (how growth is generated) and their functional relations (how growth is structured). The capacity to produce (manufacturing) and distribute (transport) remain fundamental as vectors of economic development. Since the beginning of the Modern Era in the
Automobile Production, Selected Countries, 1950-2022
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers. The second half of the 20th century has seen a major shift in car production. In 1950, the United States accounted for more than 80% of global car production, excluding commercial vehicle production. However, this share declined to about 4.6% in 2010 and
Global Production per Car Manufacturer, 1998-2017
Source: International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers The automotive industry is the main industrial employer in the world, with more than 10 million workers and incomes of 1,000 billion US dollars. The North American and Western European markets are saturated and have mainly become replacement markets. Economic growth in developing