Issues with Environmental Social Governance

Environmental Social Governance (ESG) is subject to controversy since it exposes a corporation to external compliance factors unrelated to its real role and function; providing goods and services. The most notable issues include:

Environmental, Social and Governance Criteria

Source: Adapted from World Economic Forum (2020) Measuring Stakeholder Capitalism: Towards Common Metrics and Consistent Reporting of Sustainable Value Creation. Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria have been advocated by the World Economic Forum as a stakeholder capitalism approach trying to define corporate standards that can be used for investment

Chapter 4.3 (Environmental footprint of transportation) updated

An analysis of the physical footprint of transportation systems and their environmental impacts, including modes and terminals. 4.3 – The Environmental Footprint of Transportation | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Chapter 4.2 (Transportation and the environment) updated

The chapter discusses the main environmental impacts of transportation, including the concept of externalities. 4.2 – Transportation and the Environment | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Environmental costs hierarchy

Environmental costs can be represented as a hierarchy ranging from those internal to the firm, which can be more readily identified and controlled, to externalities assumed by the society and can be difficult to quantify. Environmental Costs Hierarchy | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Environmental Externalities of Land Use

Economic Costs. The costs incurred to maintain the functionality of an urban area according to the characteristics of its land uses. Lower densities and specialized land use increase economic costs in terms of average commuting distances, public utility provision, and energy consumption. Commonly, urban growth has occurred at the expense