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Several technologies are closely interacting in a sequential manner to support a cold chain: Monitoring. Devices and systems able to monitor the condition of the cold chain, such as temperature and humidity, throughout all the involved stages, namely in the reefer and at the warehouse. These technologies provide an account

Three operational conditions (processes) are fundamental in a cold chain:

A cold chain can functionally be considered as the close interaction between three technologies: Operational conditions within the cold chain must be consistent so that the processes of load and transport integrity of the shipments are maintained.

Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. Theo Notteboom The cold chain involves the transportation of temperature-sensitive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments. 1. The Cold Chain While globalization has made the relative distance between

The four major components of a GIS, encoding, management, analysis, and reporting, have specific considerations for transportation: Information in a GIS is often stored and represented as feature classes (or layers), which are a set of geographical features linked with their attributes. In the above figure, a transport system is

There are four basic categories of models in transport geography, each with growing complexity and data requirements. Each is building upon the other, implying, for instance, that estimating accessibility cannot be assessed without information about distance. Further, spatial interactions are derived from accessibility assessments:

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue In addition to providing a conceptual background to the analysis of the mobility of passengers and freight, transport geography is an applied science relying on quantitative and qualitative methods. 1. Transportation and Methodologies Transportation is not a science but a field of inquiry and application. Two

The hub-and-spoke structure has characterized the reorganization of transportation networks, notably for air, rail, and maritime transportation. It has reduced costs and improved efficiency by consolidating freight and passengers at hubs (or gateways). Despite cost savings, the flows, modes, and terminals used by pursuing logistical integration tend to be less

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2011. The conventional focus of product development is the improvement of its commercial and competitive attributes such as price, quality, features, and performance. This process is common for electronic goods as each new generation of a product (e.g. computers, phones, televisions) is quantitatively and qualitatively better.

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2016. The global furniture distributor and retailer Ikea commits substantial efforts to design its products. A fundamental design element relates to how each product can be optimally packed in a limited footprint, preferably in a box. This involves the design of the shape of the parts