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Source: Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft (GDV), Berlin 2002-2007. Specific temperature standards are enforced depending on the type of product being transported through the cold chain. For products such as fruits and vegetables, a breach of integrity can lead to damage such as softening, bruising, unwanted ripening, color changes, texture degradation,

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2011. The growing efficiency and reliability of cold chain logistics has enabled major grocery store chains to establish large cold storage distribution facilities servicing large market areas. This strategy confers economies of scale (lower operating costs) as well as the ability to supply a wider variety

Source: adapted from Lufthansa Consulting, 2009. Rising incomes per capita are associated with a diversification of the diet, including a higher consumption level of fruits, vegetables, and meats. Higher-income economies thus have a greater share of their food imports accounted by perishable products. A low-income economy may have its food

Several technologies are closely interacting in a sequential manner to support a cold chain: Monitoring. Devices and systems able to monitor the condition of the cold chain, such as temperature and humidity, throughout all the involved stages, namely in the reefer and at the warehouse. These technologies provide an account

Three operational conditions (processes) are fundamental in a cold chain:

A cold chain can functionally be considered as the close interaction between three technologies: Operational conditions within the cold chain must be consistent so that the processes of load and transport integrity of the shipments are maintained.

Authors: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Dr. Theo Notteboom The cold chain involves the transportation of temperature-sensitive products along a supply chain through thermal and refrigerated packaging methods and the logistical planning to protect the integrity of these shipments. 1. The Cold Chain While globalization has made the relative distance between

The four major components of a GIS, encoding, management, analysis, and reporting, have specific considerations for transportation: Information in a GIS is often stored and represented as feature classes (or layers), which are a set of geographical features linked with their attributes. In the above figure, a transport system is

There are four basic categories of models in transport geography, each with growing complexity and data requirements. Each is building upon the other, implying, for instance, that estimating accessibility cannot be assessed without information about distance. Further, spatial interactions are derived from accessibility assessments:

Author: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue In addition to providing a conceptual background to the analysis of the mobility of passengers and freight, transport geography is an applied science relying on quantitative and qualitative methods. 1. Transportation and Methodologies Transportation is not a science but a field of inquiry and application. Two