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Empty movements are among the most significant operational and commercial constraints in transportation, affecting both passengers and freight flows alike. They involve the repositioning of transport assets, which does not generate any income during the process, implying that this cost must be absorbed. For instance, about 20% of all containers

The provision of goods to final consumers takes two channels; retail-based, where consumers travel to stores to purchase goods, and distribution-based, where the goods are delivered to the consumers’ residences from distribution centers. Both have a footprint in terms of the amount of allocated space since stores and distribution centers

An economic activity involved in manufacturing or distribution is linked to a complex system of suppliers and customers, which must be supported by a transport system. The system as a whole is known as a supply chain; a sequence of transportation and inventory management tasks. A supplier can be another’s

There are several factors that underline the growing importance that logistics plays in the global economy:

The global freight transport industry is composed of a series of key actors: Maritime shipping lines. They control long distance segments of the global freight distribution system by linking major markets (maritime ranges). A highly capital intensive industry with ship assets that are deployed along a network configuration involving a

Commercialization involves the extension of the operational scale of passenger and freight transport systems so that that they can reach their optimal market potential. Although an optimal market size can never be attained due to regulations preventing monopolies and differences in consumer preferences (e.g. modal choice), the trend towards maximal

Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics, Growth in the Nation’s Freight Shipments – Highlights. The high rate of growth of retail and wholesale activities in the United States in the 1990s suggests a substantial commodification of the economy and a new commercial environment where the consumer plays

Note: Current US Dollars.Source: World Bank Development Indicators. The global generation of wealth remains highly concentrated. The four largest economies, the United States, Japan, China, and Germany, alone accounted for more than 40% of the world’s GDP. Thus, nine countries (G8 + China) generated more than half the global economic

Source: “Global MetroMonitor 2012: Slowdown, Recovery, and Interdependence” (Washington: Brookings Institution). Large metropolitan areas are the foci of global commercial activity as well as global economic output. The world’s 300 largest metropolitan areas account for 19% of the global population but for 48% of the global GDP. They tend to dominate

Source: UNEP (2012): The UNEP Environmental Data Explorer, as compiled from World Development Indicators (WDI-The World Bank). United Nations Environment Programme. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the total output of goods and services for final use produced by an economy by both residents and non-residents. It is equal to