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Source: International Union of Railways. The quantity of freight carried by rail is related to the size and composition of the national economy. Large countries imply longer national distances over which rail freight is carried, which results in more ton-km for an equivalent quantity of freight. Countries endowed with natural

Rail is significantly more efficient than a road in terms of capacity and footprint by comparing a single rail line with a standard four lanes highway. For instance, rail has less than half the footprint, has more than double the capacity (335,000 tons per km per day compared to 150,000

Source: Adapted from International Union of Railways. High-Speed Rail (HSR) systems are built to reinforce accessibility and connectivity within well-developed regional urban systems, many of which are mega-urban regions. They fill a gap between short-range mobility provided by cars and buses and medium-range mobility provided by air transport. As of

The global rail network, which is mostly a collection of unlinked national rail systems, involves three main types of rail lines:

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2007. Many freight transport companies are offering less-than-truckload (LTL) services to their customers. Such shipments are generally composed of items of various sizes filling up specific orders that are usually not recurrent. In the above photo, a FedEx (second largest LTL carrier in the United States)

Source: The American Transportation Research Institute (ATRI) An Analysis of the Operational Costs of Trucking: 2018 Update. Trucking is a highly competitive industry since it has low barriers to entry. The two most significant operating costs of trucking are fuel (20-30%) and wages and benefits (35-45%). Jointly, they account for

Photo: Antony Pranata. Rickshaws (also known locally as becaks), are bicycles adapted to transport passengers (sometimes small quantities of freight), and provide a low-cost and flexible mode of urban transportation, notably in Southeast Asia. They have a cruising speed of about 10 km/hr, making them suitable for trips of less

Source: Adapted from Mason, J., L. Fulton and Z. McDonald (2015) A Global High Shift Cycling Scenario: The Potential for Dramatically Increasing Bicycle and E-bike Use in Cities Around the World, with Estimated Energy, CO2, and Cost Impacts, Institute for Transportation & Development Policy and the University of California, Davis.

Source: Adapted from Worldwatch Institute, Vital Signs 2008. There are no exact figures about the global bicycle fleet, but it is estimated that around 1 billion bicycles are available. On average, 100 million bicycles are produced each year, compared to 70 million cars. About 40% of all bicycles were produced

Source: US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. The growth of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) within the United States is punctuated by sharp periods of decline corresponding to recessions. The drops attributed to the first (1973-74) and second (1979-80) oil shocks were particularly pronounced. However, growth rates resumed immediately afterward