| Inbound Logistics | Optimization of warehouse usage; logistics modeling |
| Sales and Marketing | GIS as a market analysis tool; simulation of dispersion of new products; target marketing and advertising |
| Services | Route planning; dealer network maintenance; customer complaints; dispatch; maintenance forecasting |
| Operations | Enhancing the spatial content of process or product |
| Outbound Logistics | Route planning; fleet management; delivery assessment |
Source: adapted from Hendriks, P.H.J., (1998) “Information Strategies for Geographical Information Systems”, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 12, No. 6: pp. 621-639.