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Source: David Rumsey Map Collection. The development of the French rail network originated through connectors from Paris, the main hub, to regional cities. This led to the formation of a hub-and-spoke network with limited connectivity. This structure has endured into the 21st century.

Source: AASHTO. 2018. A policy on geometric design of highways and streets, seventh edition. Washington, DC: AASHTO. Note: SPUI (Single-Point Urban Interchange). The setting of highway networks necessitated interchanges where two highways intersect. The grade separation of interchanges allows continuous traffic without interruptions such as stops or traffic lights, increasing

Source: Haaren, R. Van (2012) Assessment of Electric Cars ’ Range Requirements and Usage Patterns based on Driving Behavior recorded in the National Household Travel Survey of 2009. 1, 56. The large majority of automobile trips are performed over short distances. For instance, about 80% of all car trips in

Photo: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, 2022. Completed in 1931 and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the George Washington Bridge is one of the most extensively used suspension bridges in the world, with 51 million annual vehicle crossings, equivalent to 100 million people per year. When

Source: IEA. Before 2010, electric vehicles were marginal products almost used as prototypes. From 2010 sales increased rapidly, with electric vehicles becoming mainstream to reach 10.2 million units in 2022, accounting for 14% of global sales. The exponential growth pattern may be indicative that a paradigm shift is underway. Electrification