Chapter 8.4 (Urban transport challenges) updated

Updated the section dealing with the complex challenges of urban transportation. Congestion is an enduring issue, but mitigation is difficult to implement. 8.4 – Urban Transport Challenges | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Street Network Orientation, Selected Cities

Source: Adapted from Boeing, G (2019) “Urban spatial order: street network orientation, configuration, and entropy”. Applied Network Science 4, 67. Note: Each city chart is a 360-degree histogram divided into 36 bins. The length of each bin is the frequency of the streets having this bearing. Since each street has

Chapter 8.3 (Urban Mobility) updated.

Covers the evolution of urban mobility, including recent developments concerning information technologies and e-commerce. 8.3 – Urban Mobility | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Chapter 8.2 (Urban Land Use and Transportation) updated

Updated the chapter about urban land use, including the graphics and some conceptual issues. 8.2 – Urban Land Use and Transportation | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Chapter 8.1 (Transportation and urban form) updated

Updated the first chapter of the urban transportation section with current data and improved graphics. 8.1 – Transportation and the Urban Form | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Isochrone Map of Manchester, 1917

By the early 20th century, many cities were being transformed by the streetcar, leading to linear developments along radiating lines. This is apparent on the above map depicting the isochrones of travel time from the city center of Manchester.

Chapter 7.4 (Logistics and freight distribution) updated

A major update of the material to include its driving forces, the latest trends in digitalization (including e-commerce and city logistics), resilience, and the ongoing effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. 7.4 – Logistics and Freight Distribution | The Geography of Transport Systems (transportgeography.org)

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Global Supply Chain Pressure Index and Major Supply Chain Disruptions

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Global Supply Chain Pressure Index (GSCPI). Assessing the severity of a supply chain disruption is challenging. It can involve a wide range of events, such as raw materials price changes due to shortages, a disturbance in port operations due to a strike, or