
In 1965 Gordon Moore, co-founder of the microprocessor manufacturer Intel, predicted that the number of transistors per integrated circuit would double every 18 months. So far, his assumption remains reasonably true, as the number of transistor equivalents in microprocessors has jumped from 2,250 in Intel’s 4004 (1971) to 731 million in Intel’s Pentium iCore 7 (2008), 2.6 billion in the Xeon (2011), and 28.0 billion for the Apple M4 (2024). Thus, a doubling every 24 months enabled the development of the information economy, which requires massive processing power. There are, however, physical limits to this process, as electric current cannot flow effectively once a size threshold is reached in miniaturization.