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Four major factors jointly influence fuel consumption and energy use by transportation:

Note: Data in Exajoules. Source: International Energy Agency. Globalization has been associated with shifts in the pattern of energy consumption, which has implied a growing share of transportation in total energy consumption. While the transport sector consumed 25.2% of the energy in 1971, this share climbed to 34.8% in 2019.

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Oil price changes tend to be sudden, a shift commonly labeled as an oil shock. There are also counter shocks where for various reasons, such as an oversupply or a recession, the price of oil experiences a sudden decline. Under the gold standard

Source: adapted from IEA/OECD (2009) Transport, Energy and CO2: Moving toward sustainability. Paris: International Energy Agency. Each fuel has specific sources and processes related to its transformation. The more marginal the sources and the more complex the processes, the higher the price and scarcity. A major challenge concerns the sustainability

Source: adapted from J.D. Chapman (1989) Geography and Energy: Commercial Energy Systems and National Policies, New York: Longman Scientific & Technical. An ideal transportation mode would have the potential to move at a high speed and consume low levels of energy per unit transported. There are significant differences between speed, energy

Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy. Population data from World Bank. Global energy consumption patterns reveal that the world remains highly dependent on fossil fuels. Over the last 50 years, while energy consumption grew substantially, the world undertook a transition in its usage of fossil fuels, from solids (coal)

Source: Rioux, J-P (1989) La revolution industrielle 1780-1880, Paris: Editions du Seuil. Steam power represents the first large-scale attempt to mechanize work as the steam engine provided adaptability; it could be used as a pump, an engine (locomotives), or a mechanical power source. It thus represents a first-hand indicator of

Note: Share of Exajoules produced. Source: Energy Information Agency. Since the 1970s, the global energy supply has increased by a factor of 2.6 (from 230 ExaJoules in 1970 to 606 Exajoules in 2019). The share of oil fell from 44% to 31% between 1971 and 2010 and remained within this

Source: adapted from The Economist, 2001. Energy use is in constant transition, particularly from a long-term perspective where changes can be substantial. An energy transition involves a change from one supply system to another, namely in terms of the fuels used, their sources, and how they are processed and brought

Economic and technological developments are linked with shifts in sources of energy. The trend is towards the adoption of higher energy content sources, as the shift from coal (solid) to oil (liquid) and natural gas (gas) illustrates. This shift can be simplified into five major phases, including one speculative about