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Source: ECMT (2007) Managing Urban Traffic Congestion, ISBN 978-92-821-0128-5. Outside capacity issues related to recurring transportation (commuting) the majority of congestion sources are linked to non-recurring and difficult-to-predict events, namely accidents and weather conditions.

Source: Meyer, M.D. (1997) A Toolbox for Alleviating Traffic Congestion and Enhancing Mobility, Institute of Transportation Engineers, ISBN: 0935403124. The activity pattern of each land use is linked with the temporal usage of parking facilities. Residential parking usage is lower during working hours as many workers drive to their workplaces.

Source: Texas Transportation Institute. The Urban Mobility Study. The Travel Time Index (TTI) is the ratio of the travel time during peak hours over the time it takes to undertake the same trip under normal conditions. A value around and above 1 is indicative of recurring congestion levels since the

Source: ITF Transport Outlook 2017, Chapter 5, Mobility in Cities. Note: A congestion index of 0.5 implies that a driver loses 50% more time during morning peak hours because of congestion. Cities are those of more than 300,000 people, which includes 1,335 cases. There is a strong relationship between economic

Source: Texas Transportation Institute. The Urban Mobility Report. Due to congestion, most large American cities have experienced increasing delays since the 1980s. Traffic delays are commonly measured by comparing the actual/observed travel time (dominantly during commuting) with the theoretical travel time, which is the amount of time it would take

Urban transportation is a highly dynamic system where one component impacts others, with retroactive (feedback) effects also to be expected. Congestion is a classic example of a feedback loop through induced demand. Pressures to transport infrastructure managers (usually the public sector) by different user groups being impacted by congestion may

Source: US Census, American Community Survey, Commuting Characteristics. Surveys of people’s mobility revealed that the automobile accounts for the large majority of commuting trips in the United States, around 75%. In contrast, public transit only accounted for a long-term average of 5% of commuting trips, which can be perceived as

When automobile trips exceed 75% of all personal trips (such as commuting and shopping), a situation of high automobile dependency is observed. In the United States, 76% of all commuting trips are done using an automobile. Automobile dependency ranges from low where a set of transportation alternatives (transit) are available

Source: Texas Transport Institute. A set of factors have converged to explain the growth in the usage of the automobile in the United States and for most contexts where motorization is occurring, as measured in vehicle-miles: Similar factors apply in other countries, but the proportions would be different. For instance,